Cologne is home to numerous universities and colleges, [81] [82] and host to some 72,000 students. [5] Its oldest university, the University of Cologne (founded in 1388) [3] is the largest university in Germany, as the Cologne University of Applied Sciences is the largest university of Applied Sciences in the country. The Cologne University of Music and Dance is the largest conservatory in Europe. [83] Foreigners can have German lessons in the VHS (Adult Education Centre). [84]

Kölner Partnerstädte". stadt-koeln.de (in German). Cologne. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021 . Retrieved 4 November 2020. The first written account of the area was by its conqueror, Julius Caesar, the territories west of the Rhine were occupied by the Eburones and east of the Rhine he reported the Ubii (across from Cologne) and the Sugambri to their north. The Ubii and some other Germanic tribes such as the Cugerni were later settled on the west side of the Rhine in the Roman province of Germania Inferior. Julius Caesar conquered the tribes on the left bank, and Augustus established numerous fortified posts on the Rhine, but the Romans never succeeded in gaining a firm footing on the right bank, where the Sugambri neighboured several other tribes including the Tencteri and Usipetes. North of the Sigambri and the Rhine region were the Bructeri. The German flag carrier Lufthansa and its subsidiary Lufthansa CityLine have their main corporate headquarters in Cologne. [73] The largest employer in Cologne is Ford Europe, which has its European headquarters and a factory in Niehl ( Ford-Werke GmbH). [74] Toyota Motorsport GmbH (TMG), Toyota's official motorsports team, responsible for Toyota rally cars, and then Formula One cars, has its headquarters and workshops in Cologne. Other large companies based in Cologne include the REWE Group, TÜV Rheinland, Deutz AG and a number of Kölsch breweries. The largest three Kölsch breweries of Cologne are Reissdorf, Gaffel, and Früh. Nightlife". KölnTourismus. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017.The Mönchengladbach city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

The idea behind the Glenfiddich IPA Experiment was quite unusual but one we were passionate about – we wanted to really play with the flavours to see what we could create. Glenfiddich’s first whisky finished in IPA craft beer casks is testament to us challenging ourselves to produce something vibrant and unusual. The result is a liquid with a zesty citrus note followed by soft, sweet vanilla and a hint of fresh hops. The innovative flavour comes from carefully hand selecting the right malt whiskies to complement the extra hoppy notes.”Nordrhein-Westfalen: Religions- und Weltanschauungsgemeinschaften, die auf Landesebene den Status "Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts" besitzen". Archived from the original on 22 August 2019 . Retrieved 22 August 2019. Germany's largest mosque to broadcast call to prayer on Fridays". wincountry.com. 11 October 2021. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021 . Retrieved 11 October 2021. Local bus and rail transport is carried out by the NEW-AG under the VRR transport association regulations. Cologne shows a significant increase in startup companies, especially when considering digital business. [75] Besides its economic and political significance Cologne also became an important centre of medieval pilgrimage, when Cologne's archbishop, Rainald of Dassel, gave the relics of the Three Wise Men to Cologne's cathedral in 1164 (after they had been taken from Milan). Besides the three magi Cologne preserves the relics of Saint Ursula and Albertus Magnus. [13]

In the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia, Cologne is divided between seven constituencies. After the 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election, the composition and representation of each was as follows: English - WFMG - Wirtschaftsförderung Mönchengladbach GMBH". Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018. Panoramic view of the city at night as seen from Deutz; from left to right: Deutz Bridge; Great St. Martin Church; Cologne Cathedral; and Hohenzollern Bridge Lipshiz, Cnaan (10 December 2018). "Soviet immigration, once a bane of Germany's Jews, has become their salvation". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018 . Retrieved 29 October 2020. After the defeat of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 made the Westphalian territories part of the Kingdom of Westphalia from 1807 to 1813. It was founded by Napoleon and was a French vassal state. This state only shared the name with the historical region; it contained only a relatively small part of Westphalia, consisting instead mostly of Hessian and Eastphalian regions.Ost: Bettrath‑Hoven, Bungt, Flughafen, Giesenkirchen‑Mitte, Giesenkirchen‑Nord, Hardterbroich‑Pesch, Lürrip, Neuwerk‑Mitte, Schelsen, Uedding Cologne – History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020 . Retrieved 9 June 2020. a b "The RheinEnergie Stadium". 1. FC Köln. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2011. The Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn has 5 lines which cross Cologne. The S13/S19 runs 24/7 between Cologne Hbf and Cologne/Bonn airport. Oberbürgermeisterwahl – Wahl des/der Oberbürgermeisters/in 2015 in der Stadt Köln – Gesamtergebnis". stadt-koeln.de (in German). Archived from the original on 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015.